The Evolution of Christmas Turkey in the United Kingdom: From Goose to Golden Standard
The tradition of serving turkey at Christmas in the United Kingdom has a rich and fascinating history that spans several centuries. While the early festive season meals featured geese, turkeys gradually became the centerpiece and are now an integral part of the Christmas table. This article delves into the reasons behind this shift and the significant milestones in the journey of modern Christmas turkey in the UK.
Historical Context and Early Festive Meals
Previously, geese were the birds of choice for Christmas dinner in England. Goose was a common feature on the dinner table, especially during the medieval period. However, as global trade and transport improved, Turkey began to make its way into British kitchens. The first turkey arrived in England in 1526, but it wasn't native to the United Kingdom or even Europe. Europe had already begun importing turkeys from the Americas 25 years earlier.
The Shift to Turkey and Its Acceptance
The year 1570 marked a significant turning point when King James I chose to serve turkey instead of swan at the Royal Christmas meal. This decision set a precedent, and wealthy households soon began following suit. By the 1700s, East Anglia became a hub for turkey rearing, with turkeys being transported from Norwich and other regions to London markets. This local association with the bird likely helped solidify its place in the festive culture.
Transport and Marketing
The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed significant advancements in transportation, which played a crucial role in making turkey the staple Christmas dish. In 1793, over 2,500 butchered turkeys were sent from Norwich to London via passenger coach during Christmas. This efficient delivery system was crucial in making turkey accessible to more families. By the 1830s, railways further accelerated the speed of transportation, but goose remained the primary bird for many households.
The publication of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in 1843 was a pivotal moment in the modernization of the Christmas turkey. The novel popularized the idea of a turkey being a more affordable and desirable alternative to the traditional goose. This literary influence, coupled with the growing urban population, helped cement turkey as a Christmas staple.
Commercialization and Accessibility
Queen Victoria's decision to eat both turkey and goose for her Christmas meal in 1861 further popularized the bird. However, it was the post-war era that truly changed the game for turkey. The 1940s saw rationing and limited meat allowances, making turkey a rare treat. By the 1950s and 1960s, increased turkey production made the bird more affordable for the masses. Bernard Matthews and his company significantly contributed to this by greatly increasing the production of turkey meat and products, reducing prices and making it a more accessible option.
Modern-Day Christmas Turkey
Today, turkey is an iconic part of the Christmas tradition in the UK. However, this cultural change wasn't always smooth or uncontested. Other countries like France, for example, are envious and also serve turkey, but with different culinary traditions, such as adding kidneys to their gravy and enjoying kidney pies!
From medieval swans to the 21st-century turkeys, the journey of Christmas turkey in the United Kingdom is a story of evolution, economic shifts, and cultural adaptation. It's a perfect example of how globalization, improved transportation, cost reduction, and marketing efforts have all played a role in shaping modern festive customs.
Conclusion
The shift from goose to turkey as the Christmas bird in the UK tells a story of historical change, commercial innovation, and culinary adaptation. The bird that once seemed exotic and foreign has now become a household fixture during the holiday season. As we continue to celebrate Christmas, the humble turkey will likely remain a central figure in modern festive traditions, embodying the diverse and dynamic nature of British culture.